The Big Bang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Bang - Essay Example According to scientific findings, the â€Å"singularities† or the core zones of the black holes had been subjected to high intensity of gravitational pressure that they can be thought of to consist of an infinite density. This consequently directed the universe to be understood in the light of the singularity concept in being infinitely hot and boundlessly dense while the universe at its initial state is also infinitesimally small. Nevertheless, the exact source of ‘singularity’ remains unknown beyond nearly accurate speculations. Moreover, based on the Big Bang theory, the universe rapidly undergoes expansion since the beginning of time and â€Å"the more distant the light source is, the greater the rate of expansion and ‘redshift’ is as well. This theory further claims that it is the universe that sustained itself the energy to expand and that it expanded from almost a mathematical point or microbial speck under a closely infinite value of initial temperature and material density. The universe is proposed to have possessed an appearance which gradually inflated, expanded, and cooled, originating from a body of insignificant size yet of extremely hot conditions until these characteristics settle to the kind of universe conducive for our planet’s dwelling. The Big Bang theory holds that the formation of stars, galaxies, and black holes happened during the span of 500 million years when the universe was already in its expanded form, contrary to the conventional story of creation. NASA’s Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite has been able to demonstrate the strongest most reliable evidence for the ‘big bang’ possibility. As such, the 3-Degree Kelvin Background Radiation, otherwise called the Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) serves as the Big Bang theory’s model of validity, having exhibited the blackbody radiation with

Engineering design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Engineering design - Research Paper Example The ease of accommodating the power source can also be increased by carefully selecting a location for installing the source. The largest dimensions are of Honda GX 35 i.e. 7.8† ? 9.8† ? 12.7†. The calculations of the resistive forces are very simple because the only resistive force to the motion of the bicycle is the frictional force (Wormell). The frictional force can be coupled with the gravitational force while the bicycle is travelling on an inclined surface. For an inclined surface we can assume an angle of 4-8 degrees at the tourist resort at roads where the bike can travel. We will do the calculations for 8o inclined plane. Pr =  µs FN + W sin ? Where Pr is the total resistive force  µs is the coefficient of friction taken as 0.005 for bicycle tyres FN is the normal force equal to the weight (mg) of the bicycle and the driver W is the combined weight of the bicycle and the driver = mg (mass ? gravitational acceleration) ? is the angle of inclination of t he road = 8o Assuming the driver mass to be 80 kg and the total mass of the bike to be 20 kg we can calculate the total resistive force: Pr =  µs FN + W sin ? = 0.005 ? 100 ? 9.81 + 100 ? 9.81 ? sin 8o Pr = 141.43 N In order to calculate the torque required by the motor/engine to produce we have to assume the diameter of the tyre of the bicycle. The average diameter ranges from 55cm to 70 cm. Taking d =70 cm Tr= Pr ? 0.35 m Tr= 49.5 N m The power rating required will be Power = Tr ? 2?N/60 (N = 50) Power = 260 W The power rating of motors and engines provide a factor of safety of more than 5 as the power required is 260 W. The power rating of the battery can be computed by employing the following calculations: Average speed of the bike = 15 mph Maximum Distance to be travelled = 50 miles Discharging time of the battery = 3.3 hrs Power rating of battery = 45 A ? 3.3 hr = 150 Ahr 7. Produce a detailed PDS based on quantified data The manufacturing process is based on a detailed PDS (Musharavati). The various relevant elements of PDS for the product are mentioned below: 1. Function and Performance: The function of the product is to provide an environment friendly means of transport for tourists in a countryside resort. The performance is enhanced by proposing solutions which can provide means of transport with minimum exhaust. 2. Environment: The product is environment friendly because there is no exhaust and thus no addition of harmful chemical compounds to the environment. The design will be in accordance with the emission standards like euro 3 and USEPA. 3. Ergonomics: While developing the product ergonomic principles are kept in mind according and the design will be carried out according to the ergonomics principles. The ergonomics are mainly concerned with the position of the seat, foot rest and paddles and the convenience in the operation of control mechanism. The overall weight of the bicycle should not be greater than 30 kg. 4. Safety: The safety is ver y important and the safety and protection guidelines according to the manufacturing standards provided by ASME and ASTM. 5. Materials: The selection of materials should be done according to the ease of use and feasibility of manufacturing according to the local conditions. The proposed materials are aluminium and iron. 6. Competition: The product under consideration i.e. the environment